常德市特早熟温州蜜柑品种特性及栽培技术研究

通过多年的引种栽培,常德地区筛选出了大浦5号、大分4号、日南1号3个成熟期特早、品质上乘、综合性状优良、适应性强的新品种。介绍了新品种的特征特性及其对常德地区柑橘产业发展的意义;另外,总结了生草栽培、大棚促早栽培和极致栽培等配套技术以及常德地区推广特早熟温州蜜柑种植以来取得的成效。     

Endogenous plant growth substances content in young fruits of seeded and seedless Clementine mandarin as related to fruit set and development

The content of plant growth substances in the fruits of seedless (‘Fino’) and seeded (‘Monreal’) Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) during the early stages of development was investigated. Auxin-like substances were determined with the oat mesocotyl bioassay, gibberellin-like substances with the α-amylase bioassay, and abscisic acid (ABA) by gas chromatography—electron capture detector. Methanolic extracts of fruits of seedless Clementine had higher content of auxin-like compounds in the acidic and butanolic fractions than the seeded Clementine extracts. In particular, a compound with R_f 0–0.25 in the chromatograms may be involved in the parthenocarpic fruit set development of ‘Fino’ Clementine ovaries. Diffusable gibberellin-like compounds (R_f 0.8–1.0), probably produced in the developing seeds, were obtained from seeded Clementine fruits after the time of anthesis. The content of ABA in the fruits was always low in ‘Monreal’ Clementine, whereas in fruits of ‘Fino’ Clementine and of ‘Monreal’ without seeds it increased dramatically after anthesis. It is suggested that the control of fruit set and development in Clementine mandarin is carried out through an equilibrium between auxin-like substances (‘Fino’) or gibberellin-like substances (‘Monreal’) and ABA.     

加温促成栽培‘上野’温州蜜柑物候期与品质变化特性研究

以‘上野’温州蜜柑为试材,研究了加温促成栽培柑橘果实成熟期间着色变化与糖、酸积累特性及加温起始时间对柑橘物候期变化的影响。结果表明,12月13日加温可使柑橘1月开花,6月下旬成熟,比露地栽培成熟期提早4个月以上;加温延迟,物候期相应推迟。加温促成栽培柑橘果实的色差值随果实成熟而上升,但成熟时色差a*和b*值都比露地成熟果实低。促成栽培柑橘果实可溶性固形物和糖分含量随果实成熟而上升,可滴定酸与有机酸含量随果实成熟而下降。促成栽培的柑橘果实以积累果糖为主,其次为葡萄糖,蔗糖含量最低,不到总糖含量的1/3。加温促成栽培柑橘着色不良与糖分构成的改变可能与果实成熟期间所处的高温环境有关。     

锌对砂糖橘果实发育过程细胞壁代谢的影响

为研究不同锌处理对砂糖橘果实发育成熟过程中果皮硬度、细胞壁结构物质及其相关酶活性的影响,以四年生砂糖橘（Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Shatangju）为试材,在果实膨大期喷施不同锌肥,同时对与果皮力学性能相关的细胞壁代谢变化规律进行分析。结果表明,不同锌处理均可降低果实发育成熟过程中果皮硬度的变化幅度,降低多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、纤维素酶（Cx）、果胶甲酯酶（PE）的活性,其中Zn2++Ca2+处理的果皮硬度变化最均匀、陷痕果高发期Cx和PE活性低、原果胶和纤维素含量高。不同锌处理均可有效地降低果实发育成熟过程中细胞壁代谢酶的活性,抑制原果胶和纤维素的降解,延缓细胞壁水解,使得果实硬度变化更均匀,其中Zn2++Ca2+处理的效果最明显。     

Dietary protein requirement for juvenile mandarin fish,Siniperca scherzeri

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the dietary protein requirement of juvenile mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri, a demersal freshwater piscivore with high commercial value in East Asia. Five isolipidic (100 g/kg) and isoenergetic (20 MJ/kg) practical diets were formulated to contain graded levels of 450, 500, 550, 600, and 650 g/kg crude protein, using mackerel fishmeal as the sole source of protein. Each of the five test diets was fed to visual satiety to triplicate groups of fish (initial mean body weight ± SE; 20.1 ± 0.2 g) reared in a recirculating freshwater system over the experimental period. Fish growth performance in terms of weight gain tended to improve with increasing dietary protein level, and the highest values were observed in those fish fed the 600–650 g/kg diets. Feed intake significantly declined as the protein content of the diet increased. Feed efficiency and protein retention tended to increase with increasing dietary protein levels, from 450 to 600 g/kg, and then declined when dietary protein content further increased to 650 g/kg. A similar trend was also found for the protein efficiency ratio, although the observed changes did not reach statistical significance. Whole‐body composition and plasma biochemical parameters were not significantly affected by the dietary protein content. Based on these findings and a broken‐line model of growth, 614.4 g/kg seems to be the proper amount of protein in a practical diet for >20 g mandarin fish.     

乙烯利催熟过程中温州蜜柑果皮色泽及色素的变化

以“国庆一号”温州蜜柑为材料,比较催熟与自然成熟下果皮色泽与色素变化的异同点。结果表明：乙烯利浸泡的果实变黄较快,变黄果色淡且缺乏光泽。无论是乙烯利浸果还是挂树自然成熟的果实,在成熟过程中叶绿素总含量均逐渐减少,而且下降极显著或显著。类胡萝卜素含量变化趋势则不一致。经过乙烯利处理的果皮类胡萝卜素含量呈现显著的下降趋势;挂树自然成熟的果皮类胡萝卜素含量呈现先降后升的趋势,但前后差异不显著。类胡萝卜素含量与叶绿素含量的比值都是先降后升的趋势。     

A natural infection by the red sea bream iridovirus‐type Megalocytivirus in the golden mandarin fish Siniperca scherzeri

An outbreak of a Megalocytivirus infection was found in the golden mandarin fish Siniperca scherzeri during September and October 2016, in Korea. Phylogeny and genetic diversity based on the major capsid protein (MCP) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) genes showed a new strain. Designated as GMIV, this strain derived from the golden mandarin fish was suggested to belong to the red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV)‐subgroup I. Additionally, this train clustered with the ehime‐1 strain from red sea bream Pagrus major in Japan and was distinguished from circulating isolates (RSIV‐type subgroup II and turbot reddish body iridovirus [TRBIV] type) in Korea. The infection level, evaluated by qPCR, ranged from 8.18 × 10² to 7.95 × 10⁶ copies/mg of tissue individually, suggesting that the infected fish were in the disease‐transmitting stage. The diseased fish showed degenerative changes associated with cytomegaly in the spleen as general sign of Megalocytivirus infection. The results confirm that the RSIV‐type Megalocytivirus might have crossed the environmental and species barriers to cause widespread infection in freshwater fish.     

砂糖橘果实采后咪鲜胺锰盐处理防腐保鲜研究

砂糖橘是广东肇庆著名特产水果,但采后病害重、不耐贮藏。基于前期试验及筛选结果,选用咪鲜胺锰盐为杀菌剂,制备成不同浓度的溶液进行浸果处理,对果实采后失重率、可溶性固形物含量和腐烂率等3个重要品质指标进行测试分析及对药剂施用安全性进行观察鉴评。结果表明:咪鲜胺锰盐对砂糖橘果实采后防腐保鲜作用显著,适宜施用浓度为0.15%~0.20%(按有效含量);室温下贮藏15、30、45、60、90 d的果实腐烂率分别为0、5%、10%、10%、30%,未腐烂果实的味道和气味未出现特异性变化。对砂糖橘果实采后咪鲜胺锰盐保鲜处理相关的其他技术环节进行探讨。     

柑橘黄龙病对砂糖橘果实品质的影响

为了综合评价黄龙病（Huanglongbing,HLB）对砂糖橘果实品质的影响,文章以健康砂糖橘植株和具有HLB症状植株上采的果实为试验材料,对两类果实的外观、内在、感官、果皮及果肉着色等品质指标进行量化比较。结果表明,与健康砂糖橘相比,感染HLB的果实单果重明显变小变轻,果形发生显著变化,可溶性固形物、维生素C含量、固酸比、可食率和出汁率显著减小,而可滴定酸含量及果实硬度明显增加;两类果实在果皮及果肉着色上差异显著。通过人为感官评价,感HLB果实的综合风味明显下降,果实萎缩,部分变僵硬,果实有异味,食用价值变低。HLB对砂糖橘的大小、果形、果实硬度、果皮果肉色泽亮度、感官及内质存在显著影响,造成砂糖橘品质严重下降,应高度重视砂糖橘感染黄龙病的防控。     

Site-Specific Nutrient Management in Nagpur Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Raised on Contrasting Soil Types

Efforts were made to develop soil fertility variogram-based site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) practices in Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) grown on smectite clay soil (Typic Ustorthent and Typic Haplustert) of central India. Different SSNM treatments were more responsive on Ustorthent than Haplustert due to difference in type and magnitude of multiple nutrient deficiencies. Best SSNM treatment in terms of response on canopy growth, yield, fruit quality, and soil-plant nutrient buildup were observed to be T₉ [nitrogen (N₁₂₀₀) + phosphorus (P₆₀₀) + potassium (K₆₀₀) + M₁S₁] and T₆ (N₆₀₀ + P₄₀₀ + K₃₀₀ + M₁S₁) on shallow soil and deep soil, respectively, within the same orchard. Fertilizer use needs to be tailored per these doses instead of recommended doses of fertilizers (RDF) (T₁₆) as a basis. Effect of K was more pronounced at N₆₀₀ + P₄₀₀ (T₅–T₈) than at N₁₂₀₀ + P₆₀₀ (T₉–T₁₂), irrespective of soil types.